ADD/ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder marked by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning at school, work, home, and in social settings. It is usually identified in childhood and often continues into adolescence and adulthood. Some individuals are first diagnosed as adults. ADHD behaviors occur in everyone at times; in ADHD they are frequent, long-standing, and present across multiple settings.
1. Predominantly Inattentive – difficulty sustaining focus, organizing tasks, following instructions, and finishing work; easily distracted or forgetful.
2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive – fidgeting, restlessness, excessive talking, difficulty waiting, interrupting, or acting without considering consequences.
3. Combined – clinically significant symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity (the most common presentation).
See why a root-cause, science-backed model is essential in modern psychiatry
ADHD arises from a combination of genetic and neurobiological factors, with environmental influences also contributing. Areas of study include brain development/injury, prenatal exposures, sleep, and psychosocial stressors. No single cause explains all cases.
ADHD does not begin in adulthood, but many adults were not recognized as children. Adult presentations often feature inattention, disorganization, time-management problems, restlessness, and emotional impulsivity more than overt hyperactivity. Adults may experience long-standing academic/work underperformance, relationship strain, and higher rates of nicotine, alcohol, or substance use.
Although there is no cure, evidence-based treatments substantially reduce symptoms and improve functioning. Good care is individualized and typically combines:
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapies and Skills Training
School/Work Supports
Lifestyle
Monitoring
