Personality Disorders

A group of conditions characterized by enduring, inflexible patterns of thinking and behaving that deviate from cultural expectations, causing distress and impairment.

What Is Personality and Personality Disorder?

Personality is your characteristic way of thinking, feeling, behaving, and relating to others. By adulthood, these patterns are generally stable, though they can evolve with life experiences and treatment.

A personality disorder (PD) is an enduring, pervasive pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from cultural expectations, begins by adolescence or early adulthood, is inflexible across situations, and leads to clinically significant distress or impairment (work, relationships, self-care). People with a PD may not recognize their patterns as problematic; others often notice the impact first.

Types of Personality Disorders (DSM-5 Clusters)

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How Common and Who Is Affected?

Causes and Risk Factors for Personality Disorder

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Common Signs Across PDs

How are Personality Disorders Diagnosed?

How are Personality Disorders Treated?

Psychotherapy is the cornerstone; medications target co-occurring symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depression) or specific targets (impulsivity, mood instability). No medication “cures” a PD.

1. Evidence-based psychotherapies include:

  • Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): skills for emotion regulation, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness (especially effective for BPD).
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): identifies and modifies maladaptive beliefs/behaviors.
  • Schema Therapy, Mentalization-Based Therapy (MBT), and Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP): depth approaches for chronic patterns.
  • Family/Couple interventions and group therapy to improve communication and support.

 

2. Care elements

  • Clear goals, crisis/safety planning, skills training, and coordination with primary care and community supports.
  • Medications may include SSRIs/SNRIs, mood stabilizers, or antipsychotics for targeted symptoms—always as adjuncts to therapy.

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